The current hierarchical caste system is a social distortion of the original varna system, which was based on individual qualities and profession, not birth. The Bhagavad Gita (4.13) clearly states that the four categories were created based on guna (qualities) and karma (actions), not heredity.
Archaeological and textual evidence shows considerable social mobility in ancient India. The Manusmriti mentions several examples of individuals changing their varna based on their actions and abilities. The current rigid caste system evolved during medieval times due to various social and political factors.
Modern Hindu scholars emphasize returning to the original merit-based system of social organization while rejecting discriminatory practices that have no scriptural basis.
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