Hinduism is fundamentally monotheistic with a unique understanding of divine manifestation. The Upanishads declare 'Ekam sat vipra bahudha vadanti' - Truth is one, but sages call it by many names (Rig Veda 1.164.46).
What appears as polytheism is actually the recognition of various aspects of the one supreme consciousness (Brahman). Different deities represent different divine attributes and cosmic functions, making the abstract more relatable for spiritual practice.
Modern physics parallels this understanding - just as light can be both wave and particle, the divine can be both formless (nirguna) and with form (saguna).
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